You're unlikely to encounter a google business verification code when using your Google account on a regular basis.
The following are some of the most common scenarios in which you might be asked for a code:
Password has been reset. If you forget or lose your Google password and try to reset it, you may be asked to provide a verification code before you can proceed.
Authentication in two steps. When you log out of your account and try to log back in with two-step authentication enabled, Google will send you a code that you must enter to log in.
Using a new computer or device for the first time. Google keeps track of the devices you use frequently. If you try to log in from a device that doesn't support two-factor authentication, you'll see an error message.